"us" meaning in Middle English

See us in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Pronoun

IPA: /uːs/, /us/ (note: originally unstressed, but adopted as the usual form by Modern English) Forms: we [nominative], ous [alternative], os [alternative], hus [alternative], usse [alternative], hous [alternative]
Etymology: Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé Proto-Germanic *uns Old English ūs Middle English us From Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *uns, from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *n̥swé, alteration of *n̥smé (“us”). Etymology templates: {{etymon|enm|:inh|ang:ūs<id:pronoun>|id=pronoun|tree=1}} Etymology tree Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé Proto-Germanic *uns Old English ūs Middle English us, {{inh|enm|ang|ūs||us|pos=dative personal pronoun}} Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*uns}} Proto-West Germanic *uns, {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*uns||us}} Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), {{der|enm|ine-pro||*n̥swé}} Proto-Indo-European *n̥swé Head templates: {{head|enm|pronoun|nominative|we}} us (nominative we)
  1. First-person plural accusative pronoun: us.
    Sense id: en-us-enm-pron-CiypVsh4 Categories (other): Pages with 22 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymology trees, Middle English entries with etymology trees, Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Middle English personal pronouns, Middle English pronouns Disambiguation of Pages with 22 entries: 1 0 3 6 0 0 1 3 6 6 1 6 2 3 3 2 6 1 1 4 4 1 1 3 8 6 2 2 3 7 0 0 3 3 0 1 0 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 0 0 3 6 0 0 1 4 6 6 0 6 3 4 4 3 6 0 0 4 3 0 0 2 8 7 1 1 3 8 0 0 3 3 0 1 0 Disambiguation of Pages with etymology trees: 8 8 4 4 4 7 8 0 3 6 17 11 18 0 2 Disambiguation of Middle English entries with etymology trees: 92 0 8 Disambiguation of Middle English entries with incorrect language header: 96 0 4 Disambiguation of Middle English personal pronouns: 86 6 8 Disambiguation of Middle English pronouns: 76 11 13
  2. (reflexive) ourselves. Tags: reflexive
    Sense id: en-us-enm-pron-7wElKF22
  3. (reciprocal) each other. Tags: reciprocal
    Sense id: en-us-enm-pron-CLiJvxaa
The following are not (yet) sense-disambiguated
Synonyms: we
Related terms: I, ich, ik, me, minmi1, min, þou, þe, þinþi1, þin, he, himhine2, him, his, hishisen, sche, heo, hireheo, hire, hirehires, hiren, hit, hithim2, , wit, unk, unker, ȝit, inc, inker, we, ous, oure, oureoures, ouren, ye, yow, your, youryoures, youren, hemhe2, hem, here, hereheres, heren, þei, þem, þeim, þeir, þeirþeires, þeiren

Alternative forms

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "us"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "us"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "hus"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "ouse"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "ouz"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "uz"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:ūs<id:pronoun>",
        "id": "pronoun",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *n̥smé\nProto-Germanic *uns\nOld English ūs\nMiddle English us",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "ūs",
        "4": "",
        "5": "us",
        "pos": "dative personal pronoun"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*uns"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *uns",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*uns",
        "4": "",
        "5": "us"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*n̥swé"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *n̥swé",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *n̥smé\nProto-Germanic *uns\nOld English ūs\nMiddle English us\nFrom Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *uns, from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *n̥swé, alteration of *n̥smé (“us”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "we",
      "tags": [
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ous",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "os",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hus",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "usse",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hous",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "3": "nominative",
        "4": "we"
      },
      "expansion": "us (nominative we)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "pron",
  "related": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "I"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "ich"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "ik"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "me"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "minmi1"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "min"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þou"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þe"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þinþi1"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þin"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "he"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "himhine2"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "him"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "his"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hishisen"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "sche"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "heo"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hireheo"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hire"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hirehires"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hiren"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hit"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hithim2"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "—"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "wit"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "unk"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "unker"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "ȝit"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "inc"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "inker"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "we"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "ous"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "oure"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "oureoures"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "ouren"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "ye"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "yow"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "your"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "youryoures"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "youren"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hemhe2"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hem"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "here"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "hereheres"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "heren"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þei"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þem"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þeim"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þeir"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þeirþeires"
    },
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "þeiren"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "1 0 3 6 0 0 1 3 6 6 1 6 2 3 3 2 6 1 1 4 4 1 1 3 8 6 2 2 3 7 0 0 3 3 0 1 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 22 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 0 3 6 0 0 1 4 6 6 0 6 3 4 4 3 6 0 0 4 3 0 0 2 8 7 1 1 3 8 0 0 3 3 0 1 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 4 4 4 7 8 0 3 6 17 11 18 0 2",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "92 0 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "96 0 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "86 6 8",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English personal pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "76 11 13",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English pronouns",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "First-person plural accusative pronoun: us."
      ],
      "id": "en-us-enm-pron-CiypVsh4",
      "links": [
        [
          "us",
          "us"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "ourselves."
      ],
      "id": "en-us-enm-pron-7wElKF22",
      "links": [
        [
          "ourselves",
          "ourselves"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive) ourselves."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "each other."
      ],
      "id": "en-us-enm-pron-CLiJvxaa",
      "links": [
        [
          "each other",
          "each other"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reciprocal) each other."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reciprocal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/uːs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/us/",
      "note": "originally unstressed, but adopted as the usual form by Modern English"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0",
      "word": "we"
    }
  ],
  "word": "us"
}
{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries with etymology trees",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English personal pronouns",
    "Middle English pronouns",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Pages with 22 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymology trees"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "us"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "us"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "hus"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "ouse"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "ouz"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "uz"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:ūs<id:pronoun>",
        "id": "pronoun",
        "tree": "1"
      },
      "expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *n̥smé\nProto-Germanic *uns\nOld English ūs\nMiddle English us",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "ūs",
        "4": "",
        "5": "us",
        "pos": "dative personal pronoun"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*uns"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *uns",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*uns",
        "4": "",
        "5": "us"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ine-pro",
        "3": "",
        "4": "*n̥swé"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *n̥swé",
      "name": "der"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *n̥smé\nProto-Germanic *uns\nOld English ūs\nMiddle English us\nFrom Old English ūs (“us”, dative personal pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *uns, from Proto-Germanic *uns (“us”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *n̥swé, alteration of *n̥smé (“us”).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "we",
      "tags": [
        "nominative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ous",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "os",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hus",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "usse",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "hous",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "pronoun",
        "3": "nominative",
        "4": "we"
      },
      "expansion": "us (nominative we)",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "pron",
  "related": [
    {
      "word": "I"
    },
    {
      "word": "ich"
    },
    {
      "word": "ik"
    },
    {
      "word": "me"
    },
    {
      "word": "minmi1"
    },
    {
      "word": "min"
    },
    {
      "word": "þou"
    },
    {
      "word": "þe"
    },
    {
      "word": "þinþi1"
    },
    {
      "word": "þin"
    },
    {
      "word": "he"
    },
    {
      "word": "himhine2"
    },
    {
      "word": "him"
    },
    {
      "word": "his"
    },
    {
      "word": "hishisen"
    },
    {
      "word": "sche"
    },
    {
      "word": "heo"
    },
    {
      "word": "hireheo"
    },
    {
      "word": "hire"
    },
    {
      "word": "hirehires"
    },
    {
      "word": "hiren"
    },
    {
      "word": "hit"
    },
    {
      "word": "hithim2"
    },
    {
      "word": "—"
    },
    {
      "word": "wit"
    },
    {
      "word": "unk"
    },
    {
      "word": "unker"
    },
    {
      "word": "ȝit"
    },
    {
      "word": "inc"
    },
    {
      "word": "inker"
    },
    {
      "word": "we"
    },
    {
      "word": "ous"
    },
    {
      "word": "oure"
    },
    {
      "word": "oureoures"
    },
    {
      "word": "ouren"
    },
    {
      "word": "ye"
    },
    {
      "word": "yow"
    },
    {
      "word": "your"
    },
    {
      "word": "youryoures"
    },
    {
      "word": "youren"
    },
    {
      "word": "hemhe2"
    },
    {
      "word": "hem"
    },
    {
      "word": "here"
    },
    {
      "word": "hereheres"
    },
    {
      "word": "heren"
    },
    {
      "word": "þei"
    },
    {
      "word": "þem"
    },
    {
      "word": "þeim"
    },
    {
      "word": "þeir"
    },
    {
      "word": "þeirþeires"
    },
    {
      "word": "þeiren"
    }
  ],
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "First-person plural accusative pronoun: us."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "us",
          "us"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "ourselves."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "ourselves",
          "ourselves"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reflexive) ourselves."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reflexive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "each other."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "each other",
          "each other"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(reciprocal) each other."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "reciprocal"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/uːs/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/us/",
      "note": "originally unstressed, but adopted as the usual form by Modern English"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "word": "we"
    }
  ],
  "word": "us"
}

Download raw JSONL data for us meaning in Middle English (4.1kB)


This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-12-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-12-20 using wiktextract (cdfa371 and 9905b1f). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.